The sprawling legislation includes a provision seeking video and other materials detailing the Trump administration's military activities in Latin America.
The Pentagon said it was initiating a "command investigation" into the senator, another extraordinary step as the Trump administration seeks retribution against the president's perceived foes.
The Democratic measure was defeated mostly along party lines, along with another resolution that would have halted the military's escalating campaign of boat attacks.
Three Democrats are seeking information from tech firms about the growing energy use of data centers and the utility bills of individuals and other businesses.
